Procedure
1. Pour 5 mL of peroxide into each of the three test tubes.
2. Allow one test tube to rest in the test tube rack to maintain room temperature. Place one test tube into a large beaker filled with ice. Place the remaining test tube into a beaker with water on a hot plate.
3. Place five enzyme discs into a erlenmeyer flask and pour the peroxide of the test tube that was previously on the test tube rack into the erlenmeyer flask through a funnel. Shake the mixture for 30 seconds and calculate the amount of gas produced by the change in water level.
4. Repeat step three with the other two test tubes after the following conditions have been met: When the peroxide within the beaker of ice has reached a temperature of 6°C and when the peroxide within the beaker of water on the hot plate has reached a temperature of 60°C.
Results
Test tube at room temperature: 570 mL of gas produced.
Test tube at 6°C: 100
Test tube at 60°C: 200
Monday, November 8, 2010
Sunday, October 31, 2010
Summary of the four macromolecules
Macromolecules
Proteins
Proteins are the essential macromolecule in the organs and soft structures within human and animal bodies.
Proteins have low molecular weight.
Proteins are amino acids binded together by a carboxyl group to another.
Proteins can either have a primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure or quaternary structure.
The function of a protein depends on it's shape.
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates provide energy for living creatures.
Consists of only the elements carbon, oxygen and hydrogen.
Exmaples: Glucose, fructose and galactose.
Lipids
Three types of lipids: Fat, phospholipids and steriods.
Functions: Energy storage, membrane structure, hormones, insulation and digestion.
Saturated: Packed very tightly together, contain single covalent bonds between carbons and the chain of fat is saturated with hydrogen.
Unsaturated: Increased fluidity, not packed as tightly as saturated fats, monounsaturated fats have one double bond and polyunsaturated fats have more than one double bond.
DNA
Made up of nitrogenous bases, a sugar and a phosphate group.
Four different nitrogenous bases: adanine, cytosine, guanine, thymine.
DNA contains genetic material necessary for DNA replication, transcription, translation and inheritance.
Proteins
Proteins are the essential macromolecule in the organs and soft structures within human and animal bodies.
Proteins have low molecular weight.
Proteins are amino acids binded together by a carboxyl group to another.
Proteins can either have a primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure or quaternary structure.
The function of a protein depends on it's shape.
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates provide energy for living creatures.
Consists of only the elements carbon, oxygen and hydrogen.
Exmaples: Glucose, fructose and galactose.
Lipids
Three types of lipids: Fat, phospholipids and steriods.
Functions: Energy storage, membrane structure, hormones, insulation and digestion.
Saturated: Packed very tightly together, contain single covalent bonds between carbons and the chain of fat is saturated with hydrogen.
Unsaturated: Increased fluidity, not packed as tightly as saturated fats, monounsaturated fats have one double bond and polyunsaturated fats have more than one double bond.
DNA
Made up of nitrogenous bases, a sugar and a phosphate group.
Four different nitrogenous bases: adanine, cytosine, guanine, thymine.
DNA contains genetic material necessary for DNA replication, transcription, translation and inheritance.
DNA Replication
DNA Replication
Enzymes Involved:
Gyrase: Releases pressure from the DNA during the unwinding of the double helix.
Helicase: Unwinds the double helix by breaking the hydrogen bonds.
Single-Stranded binding proteins: Prevents the DNA from reforming their hydrogen bonds and twisting back into their double helical structure.
Primase: Lays down primers indicating the starting point of replication.
DNA Polymerase 3: Builds the new DNA sequence by attaching corresponding nucleotides. Builds from 5' -> 3'
DNA Polymerase 1: Removes primers and checks for incorrect DNA sequencing and corrects the mistake (s).
Ligase: Joins Oakzaki fragments with a phosphodiester bond.
1. Gyrase allows the double helix to be unwound without tension.
2. Helicase unwinds the double helix which makes an unzipped helix.
3. Single-stranded binding proteins hold the strands apart to prevent the helix from joining back together again.
4. Primase lays down primers to indicate the starting position for replication.
5. DNA polymerase 3 adds the corresponding nucleotides to the strands of DNA; they add in the direction of 5' to 3'.
The leading strand is the strand that is built continuously towards the replication fork. The lagging strand is the strand built away from the replication forks in fragments, known as Okazaki fragments.
6. DNA polymerase 1 removes the RNA primers and double checks the sequence that was made.
7. DNA ligase joins gaps between each Okazaki fragment.
Enzymes Involved:
Gyrase: Releases pressure from the DNA during the unwinding of the double helix.
Helicase: Unwinds the double helix by breaking the hydrogen bonds.
Single-Stranded binding proteins: Prevents the DNA from reforming their hydrogen bonds and twisting back into their double helical structure.
Primase: Lays down primers indicating the starting point of replication.
DNA Polymerase 3: Builds the new DNA sequence by attaching corresponding nucleotides. Builds from 5' -> 3'
DNA Polymerase 1: Removes primers and checks for incorrect DNA sequencing and corrects the mistake (s).
Ligase: Joins Oakzaki fragments with a phosphodiester bond.
1. Gyrase allows the double helix to be unwound without tension.
2. Helicase unwinds the double helix which makes an unzipped helix.
3. Single-stranded binding proteins hold the strands apart to prevent the helix from joining back together again.
4. Primase lays down primers to indicate the starting position for replication.
5. DNA polymerase 3 adds the corresponding nucleotides to the strands of DNA; they add in the direction of 5' to 3'.
The leading strand is the strand that is built continuously towards the replication fork. The lagging strand is the strand built away from the replication forks in fragments, known as Okazaki fragments.
6. DNA polymerase 1 removes the RNA primers and double checks the sequence that was made.
7. DNA ligase joins gaps between each Okazaki fragment.
Saturday, September 18, 2010
Geneticist #5: Gregor Mendel
Born: July 20th, 1822
Died: January 6th, 1884
Around the start of the 20th century, Mendel's work was recognized to be significant to the field of genetics. Hugo de vries needed Mendel's research to understand the results from his own investigations.
Famous Publications:
"Experiments on Plant Hybridization."
Contributions to the world of genetics:
Mendel is called the father of modern genetics due to his discovery of plants passing off their genetic information to their next generation in a specific ratio. Mendel's Law of Inheirtance include The Law of Segregation and The Law of Independent Assortment. These laws helped future biologists to further explore genetics.
Geneticist #4: Arthur Kornberg
Born: March 3rd, 1918
Died: October 26th, 2007
In 1959, Arthur received the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine. He received this award because he was the first to isolate DNA polymerizing enzyme. Kornberg also won the National Medal of Science in 1979.
Famous Publications:
"For the Love of Enzymes."
"The Golden Helix: Inside Biotech Ventures."
Contributions to the world of genetics:
His isolation of DNA polymerizing enzymes laid stepping stones for genetic engineering. His discovery also led to advancement in medicine for viral infections.
Friday, September 17, 2010
Geneticist #3: Erwin Chargaff
Born: August 11th 1905
Died: June 20th, 2002
In 1949, Chargaff received the Pasture Medal and in 1974, he received the National Medal of Science. Erwin felt he should have been recognized as much as James Watson, Francis Crick and Maurice Wilkins for his contribution to the structure of DNA. In other words, he felt he should have shared the Nobel Prize with these other men.
Famous Publications:
"Heraclitean Fire: Sketches from a Life Before Nature."
"Serious Questions, An ABC of Sceptical Reflections."
Contributions to the world of genetics:
Chargaff's rules: The rule stating the amount of guanine is equal to the amount of cytosine and the number of adenine is equal to the number of thymine.
The second law states the make up of DNA varies from one species to the next.
He explained his research to Watson and Crick which helped to their discovery of the structure of DNA.
Geneticist #2: James Watson
Born: April 6 1928
Current age: 82 years old
In 1962, James Watson recieved a Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for the discovery of the structure of DNA. He shared this award along with Francis Crick and Maurice Wilkins.
Famous Publications:
"The Double Helix."
"Molecular Biology of the Cell."
Contributions to the world of genetics:
Discovered that the structure of DNA is in a double helical shape.
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